TThe lumbar spine, commonly referred to as the low back, is a complex structure designed to provide both stability and mobility. It primarily allows for flexion, extension, and rotation, making it essential for everyday movements like bending, lifting, and twisting.

The low back is made up of vertebrae, intervertebral discs, and supporting ligaments that work together to absorb load and protect the spinal cord. Surrounding musculature—including the core, paraspinals, and hip muscles—plays a key role in maintaining stability, transferring force, and supporting efficient movement patterns.